Wikipedia Editathon: A Spot of Spring Cleaning

A few weeks ago, I was required to come together with my fellow MA English students, as we were to edit a Wikipedia page of our choosing. The requirements were broad, so long as our chosen pages were tangentially related to our respective research interests.

One of my main research interests is portrayals of disability and illness in literature. While I would usually gravitate towards more Gothic texts, I wanted to edit the page for Kazuo Ishiguro’s Klara and the Sun (2021). The novel features some transhumanist themes, as Klara, an Artificial Friend (an android that serves as a child’s companion in a more isolated future) is assigned to Josie, a young girl who has fallen ill. Over the course of the text it is revealed that Josie’s illness is a result of a ‘lifting’ procedure (where children are genetically modified in order to enhance their intelligence) gone awry. Klara discovers that she has been chosen by Josie’s family due to her remarkable ability to observe her surroundings and mimic those around her, rendering her the perfect candidate to ‘continue’ Josie’s life if she should succumb to her illness. As the novel was published fairly recently, the Wikipedia page lacked certain sections, so I decided to do some general housekeeping before adding two new sections.

My first challenge was adapting to Wikipedia’s style guidelines. I decided to model my writing off of the closest article I could find, so I opted to use the page for another Ishiguro novel, Never Let Me Go (2015) as a reference. This page was noticeably more fleshed out due to the novel’s age and success and served as a useful ‘control’. In comparing these two articles I was able to take note of what my chosen one lacked. This was how I decided to add a character list which was noticeably missing from the page I had chosen. I decided to create an External Links section after finding some information which had not been included in the original article.

It felt strange to be contributing such a large chunk of text to a pre-existing article. My uncertainty about Wikipedia’s style was definitely an obstacle, as I tried to strike a balance between maintaining a style that was impassive but adequately descriptive. I also found it difficult to balance the amount of text dedicated to each character–despite the fact that Klara is the narrator, I found that there was little to say about her compared to the other characters.

I found that, while some reference had been made to the novel’s critical reception, there was no section linking to reviews, which can be seen on the page for Never Let Me Go. I added this external links section to make it easier for readers to find these.

Lastly, I edited the tags to include Transhumanism and Speculative Fiction, although, admittedly the Transhumanism tag was later removed! Although this was slightly embarrassing, it is always interesting to watch Wikipedia’s mass collaboration play out in real time. I had expected to make one or two mistakes or to encounter disagreements so I was delighted to see my character list and links sections had been untouched even weeks after their addition.

This exercise was an unconventional look at contemporary scholarship, and the atmosphere in class coupled with the requirement to live Tweet our edits was a welcome deviation. It certainly caused me to examine my preconceptions of research and to appreciate the Internet as a collaborative tool. It was enlightening to watch my coursemates Tweeting about their diverse interests and using their unique skills and knowledge to alter, improve and translate these pages. While certain corners of the Internet are fraught with misinformation, it is encouraging to realise that knowledge is more accessible than ever due to the combined efforts of countless individuals with their own specialised interests and skills. I would say that our class that day was a microcosm of this.

The Other Side: Pessimistic Transhumanism in Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go

Winter is ending, and I am slowly but surely making my way through the pile of books I have bought and been gifted over the Christmas period. This month, outside of my studies, I have managed to read Annihilation by Jeff VanderMeer (four women attempt to investigate a mysterious expanding zone that has caused catastrophic outcomes for every human that has previously crossed its borders), Small Things Like These by Claire Keegan (brief but beautiful novel about the compassion of a father who confronts the truth of the Magdalene Laundries) and Klara and the Sun by Kazuo Ishiguro.

I had only previously read one of Ishiguro’s novels, Never Let Me Go, during the first lockdown. And yes, a tear or two were shed. I fell in love with the tenderness and humanity with which he described his characters, and his ability to create a world in which the dark underbelly is omnipresent but still difficult to properly grasp until the story’s conclusion. Ishiguro looks at the consequences of technological advancement for those who do not enjoy the privilege of its benefits, as the main characters’ suffering and eventual deaths are legitimised as they benefit the lives of the majority.

Still from Never Let Me Go (2010) Dir. Mark Romanek

Francis Fukuyama describes the transhumanist movement as one where humans “must wrest their biological destiny from evolution’s blind process of random variation and adaptation and move to the next stage as a species”. Transhumanists believe in the employment of technology to allow humans to transcend our anatomical limitations, allowing us to reach the next stage of evolution. In popular media, the first two examples that came to mind when I stumbled upon this concept would have been the replicants in Philip K. Dick’s Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? along with “Be Right Back”, the first episode of the second season of Black Mirror, in which a widow is able to almost re-animate her late husband by algorithmically scanning his text messages, emails and social media posts to re-create his mannerisms before having this new ‘consciousness’ uploaded into an android copy of his body.

However, transhumanist ideology has been subject to criticism. Billionaire cowboy and ex-Twitter CEO Musk has faced backlash for his claims that we are to flee to Mars and become one with technology through his Neuralink (a brain implant which he hopes could “restore full-body functionality to someone who has a spinal cord injury” . Ashley Capoot writes: “Musk invested tens of millions of his personal wealth into the company and has said, without evidence, that Neuralink’s devices could enable “superhuman cognition,” enable paralyzed people to operate smartphones or robotic limbs with their minds someday, and “solve” autism and schizophrenia”. While Musk seems optimistic about the capabilities of this device in treating complex neurological and psychological conditions, he also views this fusion of the human brain with computers as a necessity in combatting the increasing complexity of artificial intelligence algorithms. While transhumanist ideas are becoming increasingly topical in popular culture and academic scholarship, there exists the ever-present rebuttal that these ideas–especially those touted by the Musks and Bezoses (?) of the industry–exist to benefit the exceedingly wealthy. I have already discussed the role of class in environmental discourse and how the effects of climate change disproportionately affect the poor, while those who are most at fault are the same group who will have the option of fleeing to Mars if worst comes to worst.

Ishiguro’s speculative fiction Never Let Me Go observes the impact of the advancement of the human race on a hidden underclass of clones that have been sterilised and raised to function solely as organ donors to benefit the rest of humanity. In this world, man has discovered cures for almost all disease and extended human life expectancy greatly through the raising of these clones, as they are raised in Hailsham School for the sole purpose of growing defectless organs (hence they are forbidden from smoking or otherwise engaging in risky behaviours and are unable to reproduce) and fulfilling care duties for their peers who have already donated tissues or organs. However, this disturbing practice is only implied for a large chunk of the novel, with the eventuality that the main characters are to face some unsettling but as of yet intangible fate hanging over the text’s earlier chapters. Ishiguro follows Kathy and her friends Ruth and Tommy as they navigate friendship and romance as they come of age in Halisham. It is not until the end of the novel that the characters realise that their circumstances are inescapable; that the art that they were made to create at Hailsham as children was not some key to their escaping, but rather was being collected as part of a protest by their mentors and different human rights activists to demonstrate that the students possessed souls and that the practice that had benefitted humanity so greatly had been actively violating the rights of a manufactured outgroup. The process of donation is treated with an unusual sense of honour by the end of the novel, after Kathy is left to care for her friend and romantic interest, Tommy. As Tommy draws closer to being summoned for his fourth donation, Kathy describes the way in which ‘completion’ (a euphemism for death used throughout the text) is treated by those who face it:

“I’ve known donors to react in all ways to their fourth donation. Some want to talk about it all the time, endlessly and pointlessly. Others will only joke about it, while others refuse to discuss it at all. And then there’s this odd tendency among donors to treat a fourth donation as something worthy of congratulations. (…) Even the doctors and nurses play up to this: a donor on a fourth will go in for a check and be greeted by whitecoats smiling and shaking their hand”.

The novel ends after Tommy’s ‘completion’, as Kathy faces a future having outlived the vast majority of her peers. Ishiguro’s choice to examine the outgroup of a supposedly utopian society brings the reader to reflect upon the ramifications of this accelerated technological development. The miraculous medical advancements that have come about as a result of the cloning are often mentioned, yet it is difficult to feel optimistic about these changes when the primary characters actively suffer as a result. The new medical treatments are not seen directly in the text, only alluded to, rendering them all the more difficult to believe.